Friends, we hope that this information will be really interesting and useful for you! People who started the construction of any building should have an idea of ​​what is needed for what, what parts the structure consists of, what materials they will need and how much this or that material costs. Before starting construction, you need to develop a building plan and indicate all the parameters. Consider one of the important details of the structure and it will be a hipped roof and its truss system.

Hip roof construction

There are several types of roofs, the most aesthetic and durable is the hipped roof.

Such a roof will withstand strong winds, snowfalls and heavy rains. A four-pitched roof may not be complicated in design and has some elements.

A four-pitched roof differs from a gable roof in external data and in design. By design, the four-pitched one is somewhat more complicated, but for small buildings you can build it yourself.

standard roof has trapezoidal slopes and triangular slopes.

Half hip- two trapezoidal slopes, two cut hips. This design makes it possible to equip an attic with large windows in the attic.

It differs from the hip roof.

The complex four-slope has windows, valleys.

The construction of this roof can only be done by professionals, or take a project with material calculations.

The four-slope roof includes the same parts as, but due to some design complexity, additional frame parts are needed for its construction.

Details of the pitched roof:

- this is a beam placed on the upper part of the main walls;

lying down- these are support bars that are located inside and laid on load-bearing walls;

- these are diagonal, oblique or side bars;

Sprengels and racks- these are supports that support the rafter structure;

Run or ridge beam- this is a horizontal support for rafters located on top of the roof;

Crossbars and puffs- these are horizontal parts that connect the side rafters;

Narozhniki- parts that are placed on diagonal rafters;

Wind beams and struts- these are struts that increase the strength of the roof;

Filly- these are boards that form the desired roof overhang.

It depends on the design of the roof, which details can be used during construction, for example, cornices over windows or a porch, sheathing.

Before starting construction, it is necessary to calculate the amount of raw materials, it will also be determined what the size and shape of the roof will be, then make a drawing.

Construction technology.

To distribute the load of the truss system and external factors, Mauerlat and beds are laid on the main walls.

For them, a bar with a section of 100 × 150 mm or 150 × 120 mm is used, in some cases reinforced concrete beams are laid.

Installation of truss group and lathing

On an ordinary hip roof, the side rafters are placed in the same way as those sent on a gable roof.

To the ridge beam in the place where the extreme stand is located, a board is applied with a width identical to the width of the rafter board (150 mm) and a template is made on it.

The distance between the rafters should be from 0.5 to 1.5 m.

Diagonal rafters are made from two connected boards, so they carry an increased load. The blank for diagonal rafters is performed in the above way.

Cuts on boards for diagonal rafters must be made at an angle of 45 degrees to the plane of the board, since they rest on the Mauerlat angle from below and on the rack from above. The spans between the diagonal rafters on the hip slopes are filled with sprigs.

We make a crate

Many people like houses with hipped roofs. Despite the fact that they require the most materials, and therefore the most money, they are popular. Firstly, because they give even a simple “box” a more interesting look. Secondly, because they are strong and reliable. And let the truss system hipped roof one of the most difficult, it can be developed and made by hand.

Types of hipped roofs

Four-pitched roofs are the most expensive and difficult to construct. But, despite this, they were and remain popular. And all because they look more attractive than all other types of roofs, have high mechanical strength, and resist wind and snow loads well. A house with a hipped roof or even a gazebo looks “more solid” than with any other.

Even a simple "box" under a 4-pitched roof looks impressive

There are two main types of 4-pitched roofs: hip and hip. Hipped is suitable for square buildings, hip - for rectangular. In a hipped roof, all four slopes look like triangles and they all converge at one point - in the center of the square.

The general arrangement of a hipped roof

The classic hip roof has two slopes in the form of trapeziums that converge on the ridge. These slopes are located along the long side of the rectangle. The other two slopes are triangles that adjoin the extreme points of the ridge beam.

The device of the hip roof in general terms

For all that, there are four slopes in any case, the arrangement and calculation of these roofs are different. The assembly order is also different.

Half hip

The hip roof is much more common - after all, there are much more rectangular buildings than square ones. There are several other varieties of it. For example, half-hips - Danish and Dutch.

Half hip roofs - Danish and Dutch

They are good because they make it possible to install full-fledged windows in the vertical part of the side slopes. This allows you to use the under-roof space as a living space. Of course, compared to a full-fledged second floor, there is less living space, but the construction costs are also not so high.

The slope of the slopes and the height of the roof

The angle of inclination of a hipped roof is determined based on the snow and wind loads in your area. The higher the snow load, the higher the skate should be raised - so that the slope is steeper and the snow does not linger in large volumes. In strong winds, on the contrary, the skate is lowered lower - in order to reduce the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe slopes and, consequently, the wind load.

Even when choosing the angle of inclination of the roof slopes, they are guided by aesthetic and practical considerations. With aesthetics, everything is more or less clear - the building should look proportional. And it looks better with fairly high roofs - 0.5-0.8 of the height of the first (or only) floor.

One of the options for the truss system of a semi-hip roof

Practical considerations can be of two kinds. First, if the under-roof space is planned to be used as residential, pay attention to the area that will be comfortable for use. It is more or less comfortable in a room with a ceiling height of 1.9 m. And even then, this is for people of average height. If your height is higher than 175 cm, the bar will have to be raised.

On the other hand, the greater the height of the roof, the more materials will be required for its manufacture. And this is the second practical aspect that needs to be taken into account.

There is one more point that should be taken into account: roofing materials have a minimum and maximum slope angle with which this coating can “work”. If you have certain preferences for the type of roofing material, consider this factor. It depends on what height the truss system of the hipped roof should be raised (relative to the walls).

Hip roof truss system

If they make a hipped roof, most often it is a hip roof. Let's talk about her first. The central part of the rafter system one to one repeats the gable roof system. The system can also be with layered or hanging rafters. Hanging rafters are installed "in place" - on the roof, two people are enough for such work. Rafter trusses, in the form of triangles, can be assembled on the ground, and then, ready, lifted and installed. In this case, there is less work at height, but in order to raise and install finished trusses, either equipment (crane) or a team of four or more people is needed.

truss system hip roof with rafters

The main differences between the rafter system of the hip roof are in those places where the rafters are shortened (truss half-legs) and the hip is formed - triangular slopes. Diagonal rafters are installed here, which are also called slanting. They rest on the outer or inner corners of the building, they are longer than ordinary rafter legs. Special attention should be paid to the diagonal rafters, since they have one and a half loads (when compared with neighboring rafters). Therefore, the corner rafter legs are made reinforced - they are assembled from two boards, splicing them in width with nails. Also, to support the diagonal rafter legs, additional racks and slopes are installed, which are called a trussed block.

Hip roof truss system: hip roof device

Another truss system of a four-pitched roof of a hip type is different in that the mauerlat is laid around the perimeter of the building, and not just along the long sides of the box. This is understandable - the rafters are located along the perimeter, and not just on two sides, as in a gable roof.

Mauerlat- an element of the roofing system of the building. It is a bar or log laid on top around the perimeter outer wall. Serves as an extreme lower support for the rafters.

Diagonal rafters

As already mentioned, slanted (corner) rafters carry an increased load: from the shortened rafters of the side slopes and from the hips. In addition, the length of the diagonal hip roof rafters usually exceeds the standard length of lumber - it is more than 6 meters, so they are made spliced ​​and doubled (paired). This solves two problems at once: we obtain a beam of the required length, we increase its bearing capacity. Two paired boards can withstand greater loads than a solid beam of the same section. And one more thing: spliced ​​beams for rafters are made of the same material as ordinary rafter legs. It's cheaper, and you don't need to look for special material.

How to pair rafters from boards

If spliced ​​beams are used, diagonal rafters are usually insured by installing struts and / or trusses (racks).

• If the length of the beam is up to 7.5 m, one strut is enough, which abuts against the upper part of the beam.
• With a length of 7.5 m to 9 m, an additional rack or sprengel is installed. These supports are placed at the bottom, 1/4 of the length of the rafter.
• With a length of an inclined rafter of more than 9 meters, a third, intermediate support is needed - a stand that supports the middle of the run.

Sprengel- a special system that consists of a beam supported by two adjoining external walls. A rack rests on this beam, supported on both sides by slopes (the slopes are set if necessary).

Truss beams support diagonal rafters

A truss truss is usually not considered, but is made from the same materials as the truss system. For the beam itself 150 * 100 mm, racks - 100 * 100 mm, for cuttings - 50 * 100 mm. This can be a beam of a suitable section or spliced ​​beams.

Supporting the sloping rafter leg

Diagonal sling legs with their upper end rest on a ridge beam. The exact execution of this node depends on the type of system and the number of runs.

If there is only one run, the consoles are made 10-15 cm longer than the sub-rafter frame. If such an issue is too large, then it is cut. But you shouldn’t make it shorter - growing it is much more difficult and expensive. The oblique diagonal legs will rest at this point.

Support unit for diagonal rafter legs with one ridge run

The rafters are cut at the right angle, joined on the console. Fasten with nails. You can strengthen the connection with metal patch plates.

If there are two ridge spans (they are done if an attic-type living space is planned), the connection method depends on the material from which the rafters are made:

• If spliced ​​boards are used, a truss is needed, which relies on the extensions of the ridge runs. Diagonal rafters are cut and rest on a trussed post.
• If a beam is used, a surf is installed in the place of support - a piece of board with a thickness of at least 50 mm. The board is fastened with nails to two runs, and to this board there are already rafter legs that will form a hip.

With two ridge beams

The lower part of the rafter legs is cut horizontally and attached to the Mauerlat or strapping board. For greater reliability of the assembly, you can install an additional oblique beam and fix the corner beam to it (in the figure below).

Fastening the rafter to the Mauerlat

Fastening - nails on both sides, if necessary, can be additionally fixed with wire twists or clamps.

How to attach sprigs and semi-legs

To the installed diagonal rafter legs, on the one hand, shortened rafters of the side slopes (also called half-legs) are attached, on the other - rafters - rafters that form a hip. They must be arranged in such a way that the joints do not coincide. Sometimes for this you have to change the distance between the outdoor rafters (better - in the direction of decreasing the step).

Usually shortened rafters are cut and fastened with 2-3 nails on both sides. This attachment is sufficient in most cases. But, if you want to do it “correctly”, you need to make a “cut” for each rafter - a recess no more than half the thickness of the beam. The rafters are cut, set to the desired position, the desired contour is circled on the beam (an uneven trapezoid is obtained due to different connection angles). A notch is cut out along the resulting contour, into which the half-leg is inserted, after which it is fastened with nails on both sides. This is a complex knot, and it takes a long time to do it. But the bearing capacity of such a connection is much higher. There is another option, which is much simpler in execution, but differs little in reliability.

Mounting methods

The best way to fasten sprigs and semi-legs to the slanted beam can be considered to be their fastening on nails with the additional installation of cranial bars (see the figure above). For this, a beam with a section of 50 * 50 mm is used, which is nailed along the lower edge of the beam between the fixed rafters. In this embodiment, the beam becomes an I-beam, which greatly increases its elasticity, and the bearing capacity increases.

How to fix the lower ends of the rafters

The method of attaching the lower ends of the rafters depends on what type of truss roof system is chosen - with hanging or layered rafters, which scheme is used. A system with sliding rafters (usually used for buildings that are contraindicated for spacer loads - wooden, frame, lightweight concrete) is implemented using special metal fasteners. They consist of two parts. One is installed on the mortgage board, the second - on the rafters. Between themselves, they are connected movably - with the help of a long slot or plate.

Sliding mount for rafters

With such a device, when the load changes, the roof "wins back" - the rafters move relative to the walls. There are no spacer loads, the entire mass of the roof and precipitation is transferred vertically down to the walls. This fastening allows you to compensate for uneven loads that occur with a complex roof structure (with adjunctions in the form of the letter G or T).

A rigid mount can be made in different ways - with a cutout for a power plate / strapping board or with a hemmed support bar. Fastening is usually with nails, it can be reinforced with metal plates and corners.

Several options for attaching rafters to the Mauerlat

A connection with a cutout is made if a hipped roof with an outlet - overhangs. Usually the overhangs are quite large and, in order not to buy long beams, they grow them - add boards that are nailed through to the bottom of the beams. This allows you to make overhangs as long as you want without a lot of overspending on materials.

Danish half hip roof

The truss system of a Danish-type four-pitched roof differs from the classic hip roof. The difference in the design of the hip - here, at some distance from the ridge, a supporting board with a thickness of at least 5 cm is stuffed. Diagonal double rafters are attached to this board. How low to lower the base board is your choice. But, the lower the board is lowered, the smaller the angle this slope will have, and the worse the precipitation will go. With a large area of ​​\u200b\u200ba half-hip, you will have to consider the load and select the thickness of the rafters.

But the low-lying support board allows you to put horizontal window sufficient area. This is beneficial if a residential area is located under a hip hipped roof.

So that the surf (a board connecting two opposite rafter legs) does not bend from downward loads, a shorty is installed - a piece of the same board, which is nailed to the stand supporting the ridge beam. The same stops are made on the edges of the surf, having well fixed the short ones with nails (the installation step is in a checkerboard pattern in 5-10 cm).

Rafter system of a hipped roof: Danish semi-hinged

With such a device, it is necessary to strengthen the attachment points of the layered rafters, since the load from them is transferred to the extreme pair of rafter legs. There are two amplification methods:

• The extreme rafters are made double.
• Install struts from double boards. The lower part of the strut rests against a bed or rack. They are fastened with nails, the joints are reinforced by installing scraps of boards.

If the house has a rectangular shape and the hip is not too wide, you can either install struts or make extreme rafters from double beams. Otherwise, the truss system of the Danish-type four-pitched roof is assembled in exactly the same way as described above.

Device 4 pitched hipped roof on the example of a gazebo

For a square gazebo 4.5 * 4.5 meters, they made a hipped roof covered with soft tiles. The slope angle is chosen "floor material", taking into account snow and wind loads - 30 °. Since the building is small, it was decided to do simple system(pictured below). The distance between the rafter legs is 2.25 m. With a rafter length of up to 3.5 m, a board of 40 * 200 mm is needed. A bar 90 * 140 mm was used for the strapping.

Scheme of the truss system of the hipped roof for the gazebo

They assembled the rafter system on the ground, fixed it on the support pillars, then installed a solid OSB flooring, after which they covered it with flexible tiles.

First, we assembled the harness, which will be attached to the supporting pillars. Next, they installed rafters that rest on the middle of the strapping. The procedure here is as follows: in the middle we put a rack, on top of which the rafter legs will join. In this version, this rack is temporary, we only need it for a while - until we connect the first four rafters in the center. In other cases - for large houses - this rack can remain.

The assembly procedure for a hipped 4-pitched roof: assembled the harness, attached the middle rafter legs to it

We take a board of the desired section, lean it against the rack in the place where they will be connected (depending on the desired angle of inclination). We note how it should be cut (above, at the junction and where it joins the harness). We cut off everything superfluous, try it on again, adjust if necessary. Further on this blank we make three more of the same.

Now the hipped roof truss system can begin to be assembled. Most questions arise about the junction of the rafter legs in the center. The best way - reliable and not too complicated - is to take a piece of timber of a suitable section, make an octagon out of it - for joining eight rafter legs (four corner and four central).

The size of the faces - according to the cross section of the cut of the rafter legs

Having fixed all four central elements of the truss system with nails, we perform the same operations with the corner rafters: we take one, try it on, cut it out, make three copies according to the template made, mount it.

Rafter system 4 pitched hip roof assembled

By the same principle, we make semi-legs (shortened rafters). If desired, all connections can be further strengthened with corners or metal plates, then the truss roof system will be more reliable and you will not be afraid even in the heaviest snowfalls.

Tests passed successfully

We put the assembled system on the racks of the gazebo, fasten it with nails, corners, and fix it with mowing. After that, you can mount the crate (in this case, solid) and lay the roofing material.

Do-it-yourself hipped roof: drawings and photos below.

How a pitched roof is installed

Drawing plan of the truss system

Installation of lathing, vapor barrier, waterproofing

The arrangement of different layers of a hipped roof requires careful attention to each stage of work.

Each stacked layer has its own function, all layers together form a single system which provides protection for the structure.

Laying the crate

Sheathing - a wooden structure consisting of bars located across the rafter legs. The optimal section of the lathing bars is 50x50 mm.

Before installation, the boards of the battens require treatment with antiseptic agents..

The crate is mounted either in a continuous layer or in steps of 100-150 mm (depending on the external coating).

Fasten the crate with nails.

Lathing installation

Vapor barrier installation

A vapor barrier film is installed in order to to prevent moisture from entering the thermal insulation layer. The vapor barrier film is attached to the boards of the crate with an overlapping stapler. Places of overlap are sealed with adhesive tape.

In this case, it is necessary to ensure that the film fits snugly against the boards. In places where pipes or windows are installed, rubber or polyurethane adhesive tapes can be used.

CAREFULLY!

The vapor barrier material should not go around the boards of the battens in order to prevent the formation of places for the accumulation of water.

Water vapor has a high penetrating power, so installation of vapor barrier is a very important stage of work.

Vapor barrier installation

Installation of waterproofing

After installing the insulation, waterproofing is laid. Waterproofing does not let moisture accumulated in the under-roof space inside roofing cake. As well as thermal insulation film, waterproofing is overlapped and the joints are glued.

It is especially important to correctly lay the film in the ridge part.. The ridge area is most prone to accumulation of condensate vapors.

The importance of each stage in the installation of the roof of a hip roof cannot be underestimated, and even more so, the installation of any element should not be abandoned.

Installation of waterproofing

Hip roofs are considered the most durable and durable. They were installed more than a hundred years ago, and such designs have proven to be reliable and durable.

Despite the complexity of the design, you can install it yourself, the main thing is to carry out each stage of work step by step in a clear sequence and choose high-quality, reliable material, because the roof should protect the house for more than a dozen years.

Useful video

In this video you will learn how to build a hip roof with your own hands:

In contact with

The roof is no less important element of the house than the foundation and walls. Its design sets the mood for the entire architectural ensemble, makes the building neat and attractive. The four-pitched roof has gained wide popularity not only because of its high reliability and external attractiveness, but also due to the opportunity to equip additional structures - attic and dormer windows, bay windows, etc. Despite the fact that the installation of such a roof is a little more expensive and more complicated than a gable structure, it is still easy to build it yourself.

Advantages of hipped roofs over gable roofs

One of the main tasks that appears even at the stage of designing your own house is the choice of the type of roof. The presence of many options among gable and four-slope structures requires an answer to the question of which roof to give preference to. And although the aesthetics of the building plays an important role, the criteria for reliability and practicality still come to the fore.

The gable roof is a classic structure, which is formed by two opposite slopes and a pair of vertical end parts, called gables. Spacious roof space allows you to equip the attic, living space or use the attic for domestic purposes.

classical gable roof easy to recognize by a pair of rectangular slopes that adjoin each other along the central axis of the building, and two triangular pediments from its ends

Structures of this type, due to their simplicity and practicality, remained the most popular in individual construction for a long time. At the same time, the dependence of the geometry of the roof on the size of the building, as well as the complication and increase in the cost of the structure during the arrangement of the attic, forced the search for other, more practical and functional options. And they were found in the form of a variety of hipped roofs, which basically have a pair of triangular and two trapezoidal slopes. The latter are often called hips, and the roof itself is called hip. When erecting a structure of this type, there is no need for gables and it becomes possible to make the building more modern and original.

The slopes of the simplest hip roof define surfaces in the form of two trapezoids and a pair of triangles

There are several advantages of hip roofs over traditional gable structures:

• the possibility of arranging attic windows directly on the slopes;
• increased strength, reliability and stability of the truss system;
• increased resistance to weather factors;
• the possibility of increasing the area attic space a simple decrease in the width of the base of the hip;
• more even weight distribution of the roof;
• improved temperature conditions during the arrangement of the attic room.

Don't be fooled by the numerous advantages of a more stylish hipped roof - it also has its drawbacks. These include a more complex design, a slight decrease in the size of the attic space and uneconomical consumption of roofing material. As for the costs, the budget that will be required for the construction of one and the other roof differs slightly.

The four-pitched roof is not a know-how in architecture - its design has been known since ancient times

Classification of hip roofs

Differences in the form of buildings, as well as the requirements for functionality and practicality of traditional hip roofing, contributed to the emergence of many variations. If we do not consider the most exotic of them, then we can distinguish several main types of hipped roofs.

1. Traditional hip roof, the side slopes of which reach the level of the eaves. For the construction of its main surfaces, straight rafters are used, and the hip ribs form bars extending from the ends of the ridge. The well-designed design and weight distribution of the roof over an increased area allows not only to place the overhangs on the same line, but also to increase their overhang. Thanks to this, the facade of the building is reliably protected from rain even with strong gusts of wind.

   Glazing elements are often built into the slopes of a classic hip roof.

2. A hipped roof can be installed on a house that has the shape of a square in plan. A feature of this design are slopes of the same configuration. Their edges converge to one point, and the hips have the shape of isosceles triangles.

   Hip roofs are widely used in modern individual construction.

3. Half-hip roofs got their name because of the shortened hips. Unlike traditional roofing, their length is reduced by 1.5–3 times compared to the dimensions of the main slopes.

   The side slopes of half-hipped roofs have a shortened length, so they do not reach the cornice line

4. The Danish semi-hip roof has a small pediment under the ridge and a short hip from the side of the eaves. This design allows you to install elements of ventilation and lighting directly into the vertical end of the roof, thereby eliminating the need to install skylights.

   The Danish project is good because it allows you to easily equip the attic

5. The semi-hipped Dutch roof has a vertical pediment that divides the hip into two short slopes. The Dutch truss system, although it has increased complexity, but it allows you to make the attic space more spacious and practical. In addition, this design is great for installing vertical glazing in the attic.

   The roof built according to the Dutch project is still rare in our area

6. The broken hipped roof has several slopes of different sizes on one slope. Thanks to their different inclination, it is possible to increase the amount of under-roof space. Although a broken structure cannot be called simple, houses with such a roof are very common. The reason for the popularity is the ability to equip additional living rooms on upper tier. For this reason, a roof with broken slopes is often called a mansard.

   The sloping roof makes the architecture of the building somewhat heavier, but it allows you to equip several living quarters in the attic space

There are also more complex structures of many hips, as well as those in which a hipped roof is combined with roofing systems of other types. The design and installation of such a roof requires many years of experience and knowledge, so it is better to entrust the construction of a tricky roof to specialists.

Design of pitched roofs

When developing a hip roof, all types of loads that will affect it are taken into account. To do this, first of all, several important questions must be addressed:

• purpose of the attic space;
• roofing material;
• degree of atmospheric impact in the region of construction.

Based on these factors, the degree of inclination of the slopes and the roof area are determined, the loads are calculated and a decision is made on the design and parameters of the truss system.

Geometric parameters of slopes

The angle of inclination of the slopes depends on the snow and wind load, therefore it varies over a very wide range - from 5 to 60 degrees. In areas with rainy weather and high snow cover, roofs are erected with a slope of 45 to 60 degrees. If the region is characterized by strong winds and minimal rainfall, then the slope can be reduced to the very minimum.

When determining the angular parameters of the roof, it is necessary to take into account what material it will be covered with:

• slate sheets, ondulin, roofing metal and rolled materials are laid on slopes with a slope of 14 to 60 degrees;
• tiles are mounted on the surface with a degree of slope from 30 to 60 degrees;
• roll coating is used on sloping slopes - from 5 to 18 degrees.

Having decided on the angle of inclination of the roof, it is not at all difficult to calculate at what height the ridge will be. To do this, use simple trigonometric formulas for a right triangle.

Roof area

Even the most complex hip roof consists of individual slopes that follow the contours of the simplest geometric shapes, so most often for calculations it is enough to know the linear dimensions of the base and the angles of the hips.

To determine the quadrature of the roof, it is necessary to add the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe slopes of which it consists

The total roof area is calculated by summing the quadrature of the individual hips. The slopes of a complex configuration are divided into several simple surfaces, after which separate calculations are carried out for each of them.

The principles for calculating the geometric parameters of hipped roofs are based on calculations for simple surfaces

Load calculation

The loads acting on the hipped roof are divided into two types:

• permanent,
• periodic.

The first includes the weight of roofing materials, rafters, battens and other frame parts. The second is the effort exerted by precipitation and the force of the wind. In addition, the calculation should take into account the payload in the form of various engineering systems and communications attached to the elements of the truss system.

Focusing on SNiP, when designing a roof, it is necessary to take a snow load of 180 kg / sq. m. If there is a danger of snow accumulation on the roof, this parameter rises to 400–450 kg / sq. m. m. If the roof has a slope angle of more than 60 degrees, then the snow load can be ignored - precipitation does not linger on surfaces with such steep slopes.

The strength of wind loads is much less - up to 35 kg / sq. m. If the slope of the roof is from 5 to 30 degrees, then the impact that the wind has can be neglected.

The above parameters of atmospheric effects are average values ​​taken for middle lane. When performing calculations, correction factors should be used depending on the region of construction.

Calculation of the truss system

When calculating the rafter system, the pitch of the rafters and the maximum load that they can carry are determined. Based on these data, a decision is made to install braces that contribute to the redistribution of the load, and puffs that protect the frame from loosening.

The main load of the hip roof falls on the diagonal rafters

The presence of hips on four-pitched roofs, in addition to ordinary rafters, also requires the installation of diagonal (in other words, slanting) - those that are attached to the ridge and go to the corners of the building. Their length is greater than the transverse nodal elements of the roof. In addition, shortened elements - sprigs - are attached to the diagonal ribs. Compared to conventional rafters, slanting legs experience a 1.5–2 times increased load, so their cross section is doubled, and to ensure multi-span, they are supported by one or two racks.

Often, hip roofs have a complicated truss system, which, unlike a simple four-pitched structure, exerts an additional load at the installation sites of vertical supports. This feature must be taken into account when calculating the strength of the wooden frame of the roof.

The distance of laying the rafters is called a step and is determined based on the length of the rafter leg and the cross section of the lumber used. It is most convenient to determine this parameter using special tables, one of which is given below.

Table: dependence of the section and pitch of the rafters on their length

Manual calculations are quite laborious. To reduce design time, you can use one of the online calculators to determine the parameters of hip roofs. With its help, you can determine not only the geometric parameters, but also a lot of other equally important factors:

• the amount of moisture and heat insulation, taking into account overlaps;
• the amount of roofing material, including waste generated during cutting;
• the volume of lumber required for arranging the truss system;
• length of overhangs, etc.

Video: using a construction calculator to calculate the roof

What materials will be needed to assemble the truss system

For the construction of a hip roof, timber and a board made of larch, pine and other coniferous wood are best suited. When choosing a material for construction, it is necessary to carefully reject defective boards. Fungal damage, knots and cracks reduce the strength of the boards and affect the durability of the roof. When the moisture content of the wood is more than 22%, the lumber is stacked in the open air and dried. It should be understood that under-dried boards can warp, and this, in turn, will lead to a violation of the geometry of the roof with possible damage to the finish coating.

To assemble a wooden frame, a rectangular beam with a section from 80x80 mm to 150x150 mm is used - the exact parameters are determined by calculation or using the table above. Alternatively, you can use a board with a section of 50x100 mm or 50x200 mm. If there is a need to strengthen the rafter leg, then paired boards are used.

For reliable fastening, as well as increasing the rigidity of the wooden frame, steel brackets and other metal elements are used. Often, not wooden, but steel supports are installed under especially loaded ridge runs. Combined frames have increased strength and reliability.

Features of the truss system

In order to properly design and install a four-pitched roof, it is necessary to understand in detail its design, as well as the features of the arrangement of hip roofs of the most common types.

The device of the truss system in detail

The hip roof frame consists of most of the same parts as the gable roof, but a more complex truss system requires the installation of additional elements. Upon closer examination, the following components can be found:

All these elements can be found in a hipped roof of any type. The only exception is the hipped roof, which does not have side rafters and a ridge beam.

in wooden and frame houses the truss system is mounted without a Mauerlat. In the first case, its functions are taken over by the extreme crowns, and in the second - by the upper harness.

Varieties of hip roof truss systems

Since the hip roof truss system is based on rafters, the following rules must be followed when installing the roof frame:

1. In structures where the sloping legs experience an increased load, a beam of double thickness is used for their manufacture.
2. The splicing of individual parts of the diagonal rafters is performed in places with maximum load (most often in their upper part) and strengthened with struts and vertical posts installed at an angle of 90 ° to the rafter legs.
3. In the manufacture of rafters, a margin for trimming in place should be provided, therefore effective length timber is increased by 5-10%.
4. Responsible joints of the rafter legs must be reinforced with metal fasteners - staples, twists or perforated building strips.

When choosing a rafter system, it is necessary to take into account the size of the building and the presence of internal supports or capital walls. Based on specific conditions, choose a scheme with hanging or layered rafters.

Hanging rafter system

The hanging rafter roof structure has no midline supports, so the bulk of the weight falls on the walls of the outer perimeter. This feature manifests itself in the redistribution internal efforts- the truss system is subjected to compressive and bending loads. As for the walls, significant bursting forces are transferred to them. To eliminate this factor, each pair of rafters is interconnected by so-called puffs - jumpers from wooden beam or rolled metal.

The puff can be located both at the base of the rafter legs and above. In the first case, the jumper will also play the role of a transverse beam, which is a good option for the construction of a mansard roof. If the puff is installed in the region of the midline or higher, then it will only serve as a fixing link. It should be noted that the cost of the truss system depends on such a seemingly insignificant moment as the installation height of the puffs. The higher the transverse jumpers are located, the larger the cross section of all components of the wooden frame should be.

Hip roofs with layered and hanging rafters have differences between the supporting structural elements

Structural rafter construction

A hip roof with layered rafters is only suitable for those houses whose interior space is divided into two equal parts by a main wall or supporting pillars installed to support the ceiling. In this case, the lower edge of the rafter legs rests on the Mauerlat, and the middle part rests on the supporting wall. The presence of additional support points allows you to unload the elements of the truss system, removing sign-variable horizontal forces from them, as well as from the walls of the building. Like roof beams, rafters begin to work only in bending. The frame with layered rafters becomes more rigid and durable compared to the design that uses unsupported rafters. And this despite the fact that in the first case, you can use a beam of a smaller section. And this helps to reduce the weight of a wooden structure and reduces the cost of purchasing lumber.

Installation of a pitched roof

The assembly of the truss system must be carried out in a strictly defined order. This is necessary in order to properly install and secure all structural elements of the roof.

1. To redistribute the load that is exerted on the walls roof structure, wind and precipitation, on external walls lay mauerlat. In individual construction, a bar with a section of at least 100x150 mm is used for these purposes. Anchor studs are used to fasten the longitudinal beams of the structure. They must be laid in the upper rows of masonry even at the stage of building walls. Mauerlat waterproofing is performed using two layers of roofing material, which is laid on top of the load-bearing walls.

   Mauerlat is fixed to the load-bearing wall with bolts or anchors.

2. If it is necessary to install vertical supports, beds are laid on the bearing walls. For horizontal alignment of the elements of the truss system, wooden linings are used. In the future, this will greatly simplify the installation of racks and runs. If capital partitions are not provided for by the building plan, then vertical supports are mounted on floor beams. To do this, they are reinforced by splicing two boards 50x200 mm or using one bar 100x200 mm.

   The support of vertical racks on beams is allowed only if the structure will rest on the main pier

3. Set up support stands. To level them, use a plumb line or laser level, after which temporary supports are installed. To attach a vertical support to a bed or a horizontal beam, metal corners and plates are used.
4. Runs are laid on top of the racks. The traditional hip roof requires the installation of one run, which, in fact, forms the ridge. Tent structures require the installation of four runs. As with the installation of racks, fastening is carried out using metal corners and self-tapping screws.

   The ridge run can be fastened both directly to the rafter leg and by means of wooden slips

5. Rafter preparation. The side rafter legs of simple four-slope roofs are mounted in the same way as the rafters on a gable roof. First you need to make a template. To do this, from the side of the extreme support, a board of the same width as the rafters is applied to the ridge. Its thickness should not exceed 25 mm - the template should be light. On this board, they mark the gash, which is necessary for reliable support and precise fit of the rafter leg to the ridge beam, as well as a cutout corresponding to the place of joining with the Mauerlat. The marked places are cut out and then used for quick preparation of rafter legs.

   Making a template can reduce the time it takes to prepare rafters for installation

6. When applying the manufactured sample to the running beam, it is necessary to check whether an exact fit of the rafters is needed. If there are gaps, cuts in the rafters are performed taking into account the amendments. After all the supporting legs are ready, they are set in increments of 50–150 cm and attached to the Mauerlat and the ridge. Staples are best suited for mounting, but powerful metal corners can also be taken.
7. As already mentioned, diagonal rafters are made from spliced ​​boards or a beam of increased cross section. For their installation, you will also need a template, which is prepared in full accordance with the method described above. Since the rafters on one side adjoin the corner of the Mauerlat, and on the other they rest on the racks, the sawing is performed at an angle of 45 ° to the plane.

   The layout of the rafters and joists on the hip roof is performed according to the template

8. In the intervals between the slanting rafters, sprigs are attached. Their step corresponds to the distance between the rafters, and the diagonal legs and the Mauerlat act as support points. The load experienced by the rafters cannot be compared with the weight that falls on the rafters, so the first can be built from boards 30-50 mm thick. To speed up the installation, you will need a template with cuts from the side of the diagonal rafter and Mauerlat, but the cutouts on half of the sprigs must be made in a mirror image.

   The use of metal fasteners makes the truss system more rigid and stable

9. If there is a need, then fillies are attached to the rafters and sprigs. The ends of the truss elements are cut along the cord.

   Fastening rafters to the Mauerlat can be done in several ways

10. Strengthen the side and side rafters. In the first case, vertical trusses are used, and in the second, struts installed at an angle of 45 °. They are supported on beds or beams.
11. After the rafter system is assembled, a roofing pie is installed on top of it.

    The truss system is prepared for the installation of roofing materials

Sheathing and insulation

Before proceeding with the installation of the battens, a vapor barrier is laid on top of the rafters, and, if necessary, roll thermal insulation. From above, the insulation layer is covered with a waterproofing film, which is mounted with an overlap of 10–20 mm wide and attached to the beam with a construction stapler. After that, the slats of the counter-lattice are nailed to the rafters. If the roofing pie is mounted without insulation, then vapor barrier is not required - a layer of moisture-resistant material will suffice. Of course, additional slats will not be needed, since the boards supporting the roof will be attached directly to the sprigs and rafter legs.

Depending on the type of roofing material, one of two types of lathing is used on hip roofs:

• solid;
• sparse.

The first is most often equipped under soft roof and only in some cases - for the arrangement of the attic. The crate of this type is made of boards with a width of 100 to 200 mm and a thickness of at least 20–25 mm. Installation is carried out without gaps. In addition, the use of plywood sheets and OSB boards is allowed. Their advantage is an extremely flat surface, which allows you to lay roofing material with minimal cost time and effort.

Under a soft roof, a continuous sheathing of OSB, plywood or boards stuffed without a gap is equipped

For a sparse crate, the same boards are used as in the first case, however, they are mounted with a gap. Since this type of base is used for laying slate, corrugated board, metal tiles and roofing iron, the distance between the individual boards must take into account the characteristics of the roofing material.

The fastening of the crate is carried out with nails, the length of which is equal to three times the thickness of the boards. If self-tapping screws are used for fixing, then a shorter threaded fastener with a length corresponding to twice the thickness of the lumber can be used.

For fixing slate, ondulin and other sheet materials, a sparse crate is used

The wooden base of the roofing pie is mounted from the bottom up, while the first board of each slope is set parallel to the Mauerlat. First, the crate is stuffed on the hips, after which the protruding edges are cut with a hacksaw flush with the diagonal ribs. Next, they begin to fasten the lumber on the main slopes, releasing the edges of the boards behind the rafters. After that, the ends of the boards are cut down similarly to the first case.

Video: we build a hip roof with our own hands

Typical hip roof project

When building a simple hip roof, you can use a typical project that was developed by specialists. Project documentation includes:

• technological map;
• roofing design;
• schemes of the truss system;
• drawings of sections and corner joints;
• statement and specification with a complete list of materials used.

As a sample, below is the documentation for a typical design of a hip roof for a house with an area of ​​​​155 square meters. m.

Gallery: drawings and diagrams of a hipped roof

The drawing shows the exact dimensions of all elements of the roof. At the base of the truss truss are triangles. The rafters of trapezoid slopes rest on the long load-bearing walls of the building. Puffs are installed at the base of the rafters and act as floor beams. rafter fastenings are used wooden and metal products Fastenings allow you to transfer the load from one element of the system to another

Despite the apparent complexity of a four-slope roof, it is not much more difficult to build it with your own hands than a gable structure. It is only important to carefully understand the purpose of the individual elements and the principles of constructing the truss system. Otherwise, the reliability and durability of the roof will still depend on compliance with the technology and accuracy of installation. As for the additional difficulties and costs, they will pay off with complete satisfaction from the work, which will make the building brighter and more attractive.

When building your own home, a lot of responsibility falls on your shoulders. You have to deal with a bunch of issues and participate in the construction process. After all, a reliable roof over your head will provide a comfortable life.

Difficulties always attract a person. After all, it is not in vain that they say: “We are not looking for easy ways.” This is what happens in construction. The four-pitched roof has a complex shape, giving the building a special look. This architecture attracts many. This type is especially popular in the construction country houses. On the cottage a good option would be to build a hipped roof.

In this article

View

The location on different sides of 4 slopes gives your home a solid look. Often, the slopes have a different shape: a pair of them is obtained in the form of a triangle and plays the role of a pediment, and some are shaped like a trapezoid.

Difficulties with a hipped roof during calculations and installation scare away many who wish, but if you do not doubt your abilities, then you can safely build it.

Design Benefits

A four-pitched roof with your own hands has the following advantages:

• the absence of gables makes the roof more durable and resistant to gusts of wind. This type of roof is suitable for areas with windy weather conditions;
• the presence of 4 slopes more effectively copes with the removal of melt and rain water, as well as snow;
• the attic space becomes more spacious, which is ideal for the location of the attic;
• the construction of a 4-pitched roof will cost no more than other types.

Types

When making a hipped roof with your own hands, you can distinguish several of its subspecies:

• hip - is a classic option. It has 2 triangular hips and 2 slopes in the shape of a trapezoid;
• half-hip - has slightly shortened slopes. Perfectly used for the attic;
• tent - executed in the form of a pyramid. Ideal for a square building.

Project

Before proceeding directly to construction, it is necessary to create a roof project in order not to make mistakes in the future. How to build a roof? In this case, a step-by-step instruction will help. Having familiarized ourselves with the design of the house, proceed to the following:

• we calculate the angle of inclination of the slopes, based on indicators such as wind load, precipitation in your area, type of roofing material. In areas with strong gusts of wind, it is advisable to make the angle of inclination less than 30 degrees, thus, the windage will decrease. In areas that are constantly flooded with precipitation, the desired roof angle is not lower than 65 degrees to prevent the accumulation of snow and water. In areas with a more or less stable climate, a roof from 40 to 50 degrees is perfect. For each type of material, the manufacturer indicates the lowest operating angle;
• we calculate the height of the ridge using a series of simple geometry formulas.

Rafter system design

The truss system of the hipped roof forms the roof frame. It is made up of the following elements:

• mauerlat - a beam located along the perimeter of the walls and distributing the load on them. The four-pitched roof has 4 beams. If the house is wooden, then the blocks of the upper crowns will be the Mauerlat. In a brick house, a concrete belt is created over the walls, into which special studs are embedded. Then the Mauerlat is attached to them;
• the ridge beam, or run, is above all elements. The upper part of the rafters is attached to it. At a 4-pitched roof, it is less than the length of the house;
• rafter legs - boards that create the geometry of the slopes. Their cross section is 50 x 150 mm. A four-pitched roof uses 3 types of rafters: slanting, ordinary, outdoor. Installation of ordinary rafter legs is carried out on slopes in the form of a trapezoid. Sloping rafters are made from a more durable material, since the load on them is greater. Top part the slanted ones rest on the ridge run, and the lower one - on the angle of the Mauerlat. The hip is formed by outdoor rafters. They focus on the diagonal rafter legs and the support beam;

• bed - a bar that lays a supporting wall located inside the building. Functionally, the bed transfers the weight and distributes it to the foundation;
• vertical supports - racks, mounting takes place on a bed. They are a support for the middle of the rafters and run;
• rafter leg, or brace. The angle of its installation is 45 degrees to the rafter. The emphasis is on the rack. It is used so that the rafters do not sag, to transfer part of the weight to the bearing wall;
• sprengel is used to support the rafters. it vertical support rack-like. Sprengel farms are used most often;
• puff, or bolt, - bars of a horizontal position that grab the rafter pairs in the upper and lower parts;
• filly - boards that extend the rafters and protect the walls from dampness, forming a roof overhang.

Installation procedure

A four-pitched roof begins with the installation of a Mauerlat, which we lay along the perimeter of the walls. Its cross section is 150 x 150 mm. When placing it is necessary to control its level. The beam should be located 5–7 cm from the edge of the wall. Fastening is carried out on pre-walled studs. Nuts are screwed on top. Such a beam will connect the design of the rafters and the walls of the house into a single whole.

To install racks, you need a bed and floor beams. The size of the beam of such elements is 100 x 200 mm. Installation of supports is carried out vertically with fastening with plates or a corner. When using a hip roof, the racks are placed in 1 row, and a run is attached on top. The hipped roof involves the placement of supports diagonally. Equal distances are laid off from the corner. Thus, a rectangle is obtained on which the runs are laid. We fix everything with the help of a corner.

Roof truss installation

The next step is to make rafter templates. We install side rafters on them. A thin board is suitable for blanking. We apply it to the run and mark it washed down. With the second end, which is located at the Mauerlat, we also note washed down. We make the required number of rafters using a template. After choosing the mounting step, we make the installation. The step can be from 60 cm to 1 m. We make the connection with self-tapping screws.

The angle of inclination of the slope is determined by the rafters. They are arranged diagonally for additional load. Often double boards are used for them. We also make cuts according to the template. The upper part of the rafters is connected with a crossbar to give strength.

The hipped roof connects the rafters near the ridge using puffs. Installation occurs at an angle of 90 degrees. We connect with wire clamps to the walls.

We fasten the sprigs to the diagonal rafters. Their length can be varied, but they must be parallel to each other. Ordinary and outdoor rafters together form side slopes.

The four-pitched roof with their own hands came to an end. The last step is its insulation with basalt wool or expanded polystyrene. We lay the material between the rafters. A layer of waterproofing will protect from moisture. The crate directly depends on the type of roof material.

In this video, you can learn more about the construction and design of a four-pitched hip roof: